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1 ἐξίστημι
ἐξίστημι w. the Koine by-form ἐξιστάνω (B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 241) Ac 8:9 (v.l. ἐξιστῶν fr. ἐξιστάω) fut. ἐκστησώ LXX; 1 aor. ἐξέστησα; 2 aor. ἐξέστην; pf. ἐξέστακα, ptc. [intr.] ἐξεστώς (Judg 4:21 B) and ἐξεστηκυῖα 1 Km 4:13; plpf. 2 sg. ἐξεστηκεῖς (TestJob 39:13). Mid.: impf. ἐξιστάμην; pf. ἐξίσταμαι. Pass.: aor. 3 sg. ἐξεστάθη (Judg 5:4 A). In both trans. and intr. usage the main idea is involvement in a state or condition of consternation.① trans.: primary sense ‘change, displace’ (Aristot. et al.; Just., D. 67, 3 οὐκ ἐκστήσετε με τῶν προκειμένων ‘you won’t budge me from my position on these matters’) then to cause to be in a state in which things seem to make little or no sense, confuse, amaze, astound (so oft. w. added words τινὰ φρενῶν Eur., Bacch. 850; τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν X., Mem. 1, 3, 12; τινὰ ταῖς διανοίαις Polyb. 11, 27, 7, but also w. simple acc., as in the foll.) τινά someone (Musonius p. 35, 12 τὰ ἐξιστάντα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους; Lucian, Dom. 19; Stob., Ecl. III 517, 15 οἶνος ἐξέστησέ με; Josh 10:10; Judg 4:15; 2 Km 22:15 al.; Jos., Bell. 3, 74; TestBenj 3:3 v.l.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 40, 2; 9, 11, 1) Lk 24:22. Of a sorcerer τὸ ἔθνος τῆς Σαμαρείας Ac 8:9, 11.② intr. (2 aor. and pf. act.; all of the mid.). Out of the sense ‘to become separated from someth. or lose someth.’ (Empedocles et al.) emerges the psychological sense (the only sense of the intr. in our lit.; for physical disturbance s. TestZeb 2:5; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 70, 20) be out of one’s normal state of mind.ⓐ of inability to reason normally lose one’s mind, be out of one’s senses (so Eur. [e.g. Bacch. 359 al. in the sense ‘step out of one’s mind’ VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 111], Isocr. et al., mostly [as Jos., Ant. 10, 114] w. τῶν φρενῶν, τοῦ φρονεῖν, or sim. addition. Without such addition e.g. Aristot., HA 6, 22 p. 577a, 12 ἐξίσταται καὶ μαίνεται; Menand., Sam. 279 S. [64 Kö.] ἐξέστηχʼ ὅλως; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 6; Is 28:7; TestJob 35f and 39; Philo, Ebr. 146; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 4, 14 [of the Pythia]; Did., Gen. 230, 14) ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐξέστη they said, ‘He has lost his senses’ Mk 3:21 (cp. Irish Eccl. Record 64, ’44, 289–312; 65, ’45, 1–5; 6–15; JSteinmueller, CBQ 4, ’42, 355–59; HWansbrough, NTS 18, ’71/72, 233–35; lit. also on παρά A 3b end). Prob. ironical εἴτε ἐξέστημεν… εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν if we were out of our senses …; if we are in our right mind 2 Cor 5:13 (CBruston, RTQR 18, 1908, 344ff). But more freq. in our lit. is the weakened senseⓑ be amazed, be astonished, of the feeling of astonishment mingled w. fear, caused by events which are miraculous, extraordinary, or difficult to understand (Philippides Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 27 K. ἐγὼ ἐξέστην ἰδών=I was astounded when I saw [the costly vessels]; Gen 43:33; Ruth 3:8; 1 Km 14:15 al.; ApcSed 10:6; cp. Iren. 1, 2, 3 [Harv. I 17, 11]) MPol 12:1. ἐξίσταντο πάντες οἱ ὄχλοι (cp. Ex 19:18; Lev 9:24) Mt 12:23; cp. Mk 2:12. ἐξέστησαν ἐκστάσει μεγάλῃ (cp. Gen 27:33) they were utterly astonished 5:42. λίαν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἐξίσταντο they were utterly astounded within them 6:51.—Lk 8:56; Ac 2:7 (w. θαυμάζω), 12 (w. διαποροῦμαι); 8:13; 9:21; 10:45 (w. ὅτι foll.); 12:16. ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligence Lk 2:47 (ἐπί τινι as Wsd 5:2; Hos 3:5). Of heaven B 11:2 (Jer 2:12). (S. ἴστημι).—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. -
2 προσαφίστημι
II [voice] Pass., become separated from, c. gen., Heliod. ap. Orib.46.22.5, Archig.ib.46.26.3.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσαφίστημι
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3 ἀποσπάω
A tear or drag away from, , Pl.R. 491b, etc.;ἀ. τινὰ ἀπὸ γυναικὸς καὶ τέκνων Hdt.3.1
, cf. 102;ἀποσπάσας.. περόνας ἀπ' αὐτῆς S.OT 1268
; : rarely ἀ. τινά τι tear a thing from one, S.OC 866; ἀ. τινά tear him away, Hdt.6.91; ἀ. τι τῆς λείας detach, abstract some of it, Plb.2.26.8: metaph.,ἀ. τινὰ ἐλπίδος S.OT 1432
; and reversely alsoἀ. τῆς φρενὸς αἵ μοι μόναι παρῆσαν ἐλπίδων Id.El. 809
; detach, withdraw, πλήρωμα a gang of labourers, PPetr.3p.129 (iii B.C.);τινὰ ἀπό τινος BGU1125.9
(i B.C.), cf. infr. 5;μαθητάς Act.Ap.20.30
;ἀ. πολίτας τῆς θαλάσσης Plu.Them.19
;ἀπὸ τοῦ φρονεῖν τινά Ar.Ra. 962
:—[voice] Med., τὴν μάχην οὕτω μακρὰν τῆς ναυτικῆςβοηθείας Plu.Pomp.76
:—[voice] Pass., to be dragged away, detached, separated from,τινός Pi.P.9.33
, E.Alc. 287, etc.;ἐξ ἱροῦ Hdt.1.160
;ἀπὸ τῶν ἱερῶν Th.3.81
; of a bone, to be torn off, Hp.Art.13;ἀκρώμιον -σπασθέν Id.Mochl.6
.3 ἀ. πύλας, θύρας, tear off the gates, doors, Hdt.1.17, 3.159, etc.: metaph., πινακηδὸν ἀποσπῶν [ῥήματα] Ar.Ra. 824.4 ἀ. τὸ στρατόπεδον draw off, divert the army, X.HG1.3.17: abs., having drawn off,Id.
An.7.2.11:—[voice] Pass., of troops, to become separated or broken, Th.7.80, Plb.1.27.9.5 withdraw, reclaim, POxy.496.9.6 ἀπεσπασμένος, ὁ, eunuch, LXXLe.22.24.II intr. (sc. ἑαυτόν), separate (i.e. be separated) from, Ael. NA10.48, Luc.Icar.11, D.C.56.22; and in X.An.1.5.3 the best Mss. give πολὺ γὰρ ἀπέσπα (for ἀπέπτα) φεύγουσα [στρουθός].Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀποσπάω
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4 γίγνομαι
γίγνομαι, [dialect] Ion. and after Arist. [full] γίνομαι [pron. full] [ῑ], ([dialect] Att. Inscrr. have γιγν- in fifth and fourth cent., cf. IG2.11.9, 1055.25, etc.); Thess. [full] γίνυμαι IG9(2).517.22; [dialect] Boeot. [full] γίνιουμαι ib.7.3303: [tense] fut. γενήσομαι: [tense] aor. ἐγενόμην (A , al. ([etym.] προ-) Decr.Byz. ap. D.18.90), [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 2sg.γένευ Il.5.897
, [ per.] 3sg.γενέσκετο Od.11.208
, , Sapph.16, Pi.P.3.87, Parm.8.20, IG4.492 ([place name] Mycenae), prob.in Scol. 19; [dialect] Ep. , Emp.98.5, Call.Jov.1.50, Theoc.14.27, etc. ([etym.] gṇ-το): [tense] pf.γέγονα Il.19.122
, etc.: [ per.] 3pl.γέγοναν Apoc.21.6
: [tense] plpf.ἐγεγόνει Lys.31.17
, etc.; [dialect] Ion.ἐγεγόνεε Hdt.2.2
; [dialect] Ep. forms (as if from [tense] pf. γέγᾰα), [ per.] 2pl.γεγάᾱτε Batr.143
;γεγάᾱσι Il.4.325
, freq. in Od.: [ per.] 3pl. γεγᾱκᾰσιν cj. in Emp.23.10: [ per.] 3 dual [tense] plpf. ἐκ-γεγάτην [ᾰ] Od.10.138; inf. γεγάμεν [ᾰ] Pi.O.9.110, ([etym.] ἐκ) Il.5.248, etc.; part. γεγᾰώς -ᾰυῖα, pl.-ᾰῶτες, -ᾰυῖαι Hom.
, etc., [var] contr.γεγώς, -ῶσα S.Aj. 472
, E.Med. 406; inf.γεγᾱκειν Pi.O.6.49
: [voice] Med. forms ἐκγεγάασθε Epigr.Hom.16, ἐκ-γεγάονται (in [tense] fut. sense) h.Ven. 197 (s.v.l.):—[voice] Pass. forms, [tense] fut. γενηθήσομαι (only in Pl.Prm. 141e, οὔτε γενήσεται, οὔτε γενηθήσεται, cf. Procl.in Prm.p.963 S.): [tense] aor.ἐγενήθην Epich.209
, Archyt.1, Hp.Epid.6.8.32,7.3, later [dialect] Att., Philem. 95.2 and 167, IG2.630b10 (i B. C.) and Hellenistic Gk., Plb.2.67.8, D.S.13.51: [tense] pf.γεγένημαι Simon.69
, freq. in [dialect] Att. Poets and Prose, in [dialect] Att. inscr. first in cent. iv, IG2.555: [ per.] 3pl.γεγενέανται Philet.
ap.Eust.1885.51: [tense] plpf.ἐγεγένητο Th.7.18
, al.; cf. γείνομαι:— come into a new state of being: hence,I abs., come into being opp. εἶναι, Emp.17.11, Pl.Phd. 102e, cf. Ti. 29a; and so,1 of persons, to be born, νέον γεγαώς new born, Od.19.400; ὑπὸ Τμώλῳ γεγαῶτας born (and so living) under Tmolus, Il.2.866;ἢ πρόσθε θανεῖν ἢ ἔπειτα γ. Hes.Op. 175
; γιγνομέναισι λάχη τάδ'.. ἐκράνθη at our birth, A.Eu. 347;γ. ἔκ τινος Il.5.548
, Hdt.7.11;πατρὸς ἐκ ταὐτοῦ E.IA 406
, cf. Isoc.5.136;σέθεν.. ἐξ αἵματος A.Th. 142
; less freq.ἀπό τινος Hdt.8.22
, etc.; , etc.; γεγονέναι κακῶς, καλῶς, Ar.Eq. 218, Isoc.7.37, etc.; κάλλιον, εὖ, Hdt. 1.146, 3.69; τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι not to have been born, A.Fr. 401: freq. with Numerals,ἔτεα τρία καὶ δέκα γεγονώς Hdt.1.119
;ἀμφὶ τὰ πέντε ἢ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη γενόμενος X.Cyr.1.4.16
;γεγονὼς ἔτη περὶ πεντήκοντα D. 21.154
; οἱ ὑπὲρ τὰ στρατεύσιμα ἔτη γεγονότες those of an age beyond.., X.Cyr.1.2.4: c. gen., , etc.: rarely with ordinals,ὀγδοηκοστὸν ἔτος γεγονώς Luc.Macr. 22
, cf. Plu.Phil.18.2 of things, to be produced,ὅσα φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ Od.9.51
; opp. ὄλλυσθαι, Parm.8.13,40; opp. ἀπόλλυσθαι, Anaxag.17, cf. Pl.R. 527b, etc.; opp. ἀπολείπειν, Diog. Apoll.7; opp. ἀπολήγειν, Emp.17.30;τὰ γιγνόμενα καὶ ἐξ ὧν γίγνεται Pl.Phlb. 27a
;ἁπλῇ διηγήσει ἢ διὰ μιμήσεως γ. Id.R. 392d
;ὁ ἐκ τῆς χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος X.Mem.3.6.13
; τὰ ἐν ἀγρῷ γιγνόμενα ib.2.9.4; of profits,καρποὶ οἱ ἐξ ἀγελῶν γ. Id.Cyr.1.1.2
, etc.; τὰ ἆθλα ἀπὸ τεττάρων ταλάντων ἐγένοντο were the produce of, i.e. were worth, 4 talents, Id.HG4.2.7; τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων γενόμενον ἀργύριον produced by [the ransom of].., Id.An.5.3.4; of sums, ὁ γεγονὼς ἀριθμὸς τῶν ψήφων the total of the votes, Pl.Ap. 36a; ἕκατον εἴκοσι στατήρων γίγνονται τρισχίλιαι τριακόσιαι ἑξήκοντα [δραχμαί] 120 staters amount to 3, 360 drachmae, D.34.24; so in Math., of products,ὁ ἐξ αὐτῶν γενόμενος ἀριθμός Euc.7.24
; ἀριθμὸς γενόμενος ἑκατοντάκις multiplied by 100, Papp.10.13; of times of day,ὡς ἡ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο Th.7.81
, etc.;ἕως ἂν φῶς γένηται Pl.Prt. 311a
;ἅμα ἕῳ γιγνομένῃ Th.4.32
; of Time in general, elapse, ;χρόνου γενομένου D.S.20.109
.b falldue,οἱ γιγνόμενοι δασμοί X.An.1.1.8
;τοὺς τόκους τοὺς γ. Isoc.17.37
; τὸ τίμημα τὸ γ., τὸ γ. ἀργύριον, D.24.82, Syngr. ap. eund.35.11;τὸ γ. μέρος X.HG7.4.33
;τὸ γ. τοῖ πλήθι τᾶς ζαμίαυ IG5(2).6
A20 (Tegea, iv B. C.): c. dat.,τὸ γ. τινὶ ἔλαιον UPZ 19.32
(ii B. C.);τοῖς γείτοσι τὸ γ. Thphr.Fr.97
;τὰ γ.
dues,PHib.
1.92 and 111 (iii B. C.): hence γιγνόμενος regular, normal, τίμημα, χάρις, D. 38.25; ἐν ταῖς γ. ἡμέραις in the usual number of days, X.Cyr.5.4.51; freq. in later Gk., as Luc.Tox.18, etc.3 of events, take place, come to pass, and in past tenses to be,καί σφιν ἄχος κατὰ θυμὸν ἐγίγνετο Il.13.86
, etc.;μάχη ἐγεγόνει Pl.Chrm. 153b
, etc.; ;ἡ νόσος ἤρξατο γίγνεσθαι Id.2.47
; πνεῦμα εἰώθει γ. ib.84; τὰ Ὀλύμπια γίγνεται, τραγῳδοὶ γίγνονται, are held, X.HG7.4.28, Aeschin.3.41, etc.; ψήφισμα γ. is passed, X.Cyr.2.2.21; πιστὰ γ., ὅρκοι γ., pledges are given, oaths taken, ib.7.4.3, D.19.158; γίγνεταί τι ὑπό τινος (masc.), X.An.7.1.30, (neut.) Pl.Tht. 200e;τὰ γιγνόμενα ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων Th.6.88
;τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων Hdt.Praef.
;ὕβρισμα ἐκ τῶν Σαμίων γενόμενον Id.3.48
;ἀπό τινος γ. X.An.5.6.30
;παρά τινος Pl.R. 614a
; ὃ μὴ γένοιτο which God forbid, D.10.27,28.21; but γένοιτο, = Amen, LXX Is.25.1; γένοιτο γένοιτο ib.Ps.71(72).19: Math., γεγονέτω suppose it done, Euc.6.23, etc.; it is done,Apoc.
16.17: c. dat. et part., γίγνεταί τί μοι βουλομένῳ, ἀσμένῳ (v. βούλομαι, ἄσμενος) ; οὐκ ἂν ἐμοί γε ἐλπομένῳ τὰ γένοιτο, i.e. I could not hope to see these things take place, Od.3.228;ἡδομένοισι ἡμῖν οἱ λόγοι γεγόνασι Hdt.9.46
, etc.; of sacrifices, omens, etc., οὐ γάρ σφι ἐγίνετο τὰ σφάγια χρηστά ib.61, cf.62;τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ ἐγένετο X.An.6.4.9
: abs., τὰ διαβατήρια ἐγ. were favourable, Th.5.55;θυομένῳ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο τὰ ἱερά X.HG3.1.17
: in neut. part., τὸ γενόμενον the event, the fact, Th.6.54; τὰ γενόμενα the facts, X.Cyr.3.1.9, etc.;τὸ γιγνόμενον Pl.Tht. 161b
, etc.; τὰ γεγενημένα the past, X.An.6.2.14; τὸ γενησόμενον the future, Th.1.138; τὰ γεγονότα, opp. ὄντα, μέλλοντα, Pl.R. 392d, cf. Lg. 896a: of Time, ;ἕως ἄν τινες χρόνοι γένωνται Pl.Phd. 108c
; but in [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf., to have passed,ὡς διετὴς χρόνος ἐγεγόνεε Hdt.2.2
;πρὶν ἓξ μῆνας γεγονέναι Pl.Prt. 320a
: impers., ἐγένετο or γέγονεν ὥστε .. it happened, came to pass that.., X.HG5.3.10, Isoc. 6.40, etc.; ἐγένετο, ὡς ἤκουσεν.. καὶ ἐθυμώθη it came to pass, when he heard.. that.., LXX Ge.39.19;ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι.. καὶ διήρχετο Ev.Luc.17.11
: c. inf., γίνεται εὑρεῖν it is possible to find, Thgn.639; ἐγένετο, c. acc. et inf., it came to pass that, Act.Ap.9.3, al., PAmh.2.135.10 (ii A. D.): c. dat. et inf.,ἐάν σοι γένηται στραφῆναι Epict.Ench. 23
.1 folld. by Nouns and Adjs.,δηΐοισι δὲ χάρμα γ. Il.6.82
, cf. 8.282;σωτὴρ γενοῦ μοι A.Ch.2
;κωλυτὴς γ. τινός Th.3.23
; [οὖροι] νηῶν πομπῆες γ. Od.4.362
, etc.; πάντα δὲ γιγνόμενος πειρήσεται turning every way, ib. 417; παντοῖος γ., folld. by μή, c. inf., Hdt.3.124;παντοῖος γ. δεόμενος Id.7.10
.γ; ἐκ πλουσίου πένης γ. X.An.7.7.28
;δημοτικὸς ἐξ ὀλιγαρχικοῦ γ. Pl.R. 572d
: rarely c. part., μὴ προδοὺς ἡμᾶς γένῃ, i.e. προδότης ἡμῶν, S.Aj. 588, cf. Ph. 773;μὴ ἀπαρνηθεὶς γένῃ Pl.Sph. 217c
;ἀποτετραμμένοι ἐγένοντο Th. 3.68
, etc.: with Pron., τί γένωμαι ; what am I to become, i.e. what is to become of me? A.Th. 297, cf. Theoc.15.51;οὐκ ἔχοντες ὅτι γένωνται Th.2.52
; less freq. with masc.,οὐδ' ἔχω τίς ἂν γενοίμαν A.Pr. 905
;γίγνονται πάνθ' ὅτι βούλονται Ar.Nu. 348
.b in past tenses, having ceased to be, ὁ γενόμενος στρατηγός the ex-strategus, POxy.38.11 (i A. D.); ἡ γ. γυνή τινος the former wife, PFlor.99.4 (i/ii A. D.).2 with Advbs.,κακῶς χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι Hdt.1.8
; εὖ, καλῶς, ἡδέως γ., it goes well, etc., X.An.1.7.5, Arr.Epict.3.24.97, LXX To. 7.9; with personal construction,οἱ παρὰ Πλάτωνι δειπνήσαντες ἐς αὔριον ἡδέως γίγνονται Plu.2.127b
; δίχα γ. τοῦ σώματος to be parted from.., X.Cyr.8.7.20; τριχῇ γ. to be in three divisions, Id.An.6.2.16; γ. ἐμποδών, ἐκποδών, E.Hec. 372, X.HG6.5.38, etc.3 folld. by oblique cases of Nouns,a c. gen., γ. τῶν δικαστέων, τῶν γεραιτέρων, become one of.., Hdt.5.25, X.Cyr.1.2.15, cf. Ar.Nu. 107, etc.;βουλῆς γεγονώς D.C.36.28
(cf. supr.1.b); fall to, belong to,ἡ νίκη Ἀγησιλάου ἐγεγένητο X.HG4.3.20
; to be under control of,ὁ νοῦς ὅταν αὑτοῦ γένηται S. OC 660
, cf. Pl.Phdr. 250a (s. v.l.);ὑμῶν αὐτῶν γενέσθαι D.4.7
(alsoἐντὸς ἑωυτοῦ γ. Hdt.1.119
;ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. X.An.1.5.17
;ἐν σαυτοῦ γενοῦ S.Ph. 950
);τὴν πόλιν ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γινομένην Plu.Phoc.23
: of things, to be at, i.e. cost, so much, , cf.X.Oec.20.23.c with Preps., γ. ἀπὸ δείπνου, ἐκ θυσίας, have done.., Hdt.2.78, 1.50; πολὺν χρόνον γ. ἀπό τινος to be separated from.., X.Mem.1.2.25; γ. εἴς τι turn into,τὸ κακὸν γ. εἰς ἀγαθόν Thgn.162
; freq. in LXX,ἐγενήθη μοι εἰς γυναῖκα Ge.20.12
; εἰς βρῶσιν ib.La.4.10; εἰς οὐδέν, εἰς κενόν, Act.Ap.5.36, 1 Ep.Thess. 3.5;ἐς Αακεδαίμονα Hdt.5.38
(in Hom. even without Prep.,ἐμὲ χρεὼ γ. Od.4.634
); γ. τι εἴς τινα comes to him, of a dowry, Is.3.36; of a ward, And.1.117; γ. ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν τινι to be out of sight, Hdt.5.24; ἐξ ἀνθρώπων γ. disappear from.., Paus.4.26.6;γ. ἐν Χίῳ Hdt.5.33
, etc.; γ. ἐν .., to be engaged in.., οἱ ἐν ποιήσει γινόμενοι in poetry, Id.2.82; ἐν [πολέμῳ] Th.1.78;ἐν πείρᾳ γ. τινος X.An.1.9.1
; ἐν ὀργῇ, ἐν αἰτίᾳ πρός τινα γ., Plu.Flam.16, Rom.7; of things, ἐν καιρῷ γ. to be in season, X.HG4.3.2;ἐν τύχῃ γ. τινί τι Th.4.73
; γ. διὰ γηλόφων, of a road, X.An.3.4.24; but δι' ἔχθρας γ. τινί to be at enmity with, Ar.Ra. 1412; γ. ἐπὶ ποταμῷ arrive or be at.., Hdt.1.189, etc.; γ. ἐπί τινι fall into or be in one's power, X.An.3.1.13, etc.;ἐπὶ συμφοραῖς γ. D.21.58
codd. (- ᾶς Schaefer); γ. ἐπί τινι, also, to be set over.., X.Cyr.3.3.53; γ. ἐφ' ἡμῶν αὐτῶν to be alone, Aeschin.2. 36;γ. ἐπὶ τῆς διοικήσεως D.C.43.48
; γ. ἐπ' ἐλπίδος to be in hope, Plu.Sol.14: Math., γ. ἐπὶ ἀριθμόν to be multiplied into a number, Theol.Ar.3; γ. κατά τινα or τι to be near.. or opposite to.., in battle, X.Cyr.7.1.14, HG4.2.18; but κατὰ ξυστάσεις γ. to be formed into groups, Th.2.21;καθ' ἓν γ. Id.3.10
; καθ' αὑτοὺς γ. to be alone, D.10.52; γ. μετὰ τοῦ θείου to be with God, X.Cyr.8.7.27, etc.;ἡ νίκη γ. σύν τινι Id.Ages.2.13
; γ. παρ' ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς πράγμασι to be present on both sides, Th.5.26; γ. παρά τι to depend upon.., D.18.232; γ. περὶ τὸ συμβουλεύειν to be engaged in.., Isoc.3.12; γενοῦ πρός τινα go to So-and-so, PFay. 128, etc.; γ. πρὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ to be at or near.., Pl.Phd. 118, etc.; γ. πρός τινι to be engaged in.., Isoc. 12.270, D.18.176; αὐτὸς πρὸς αὑτῷ meditate, Plu.2.151c; soγ. πρὸς τὸ ἰᾶσθαι Pl.R. 604d
;πρὸς παρασκευήν Plb.1.22.2
: impers.,ἐπεὶ πρὸς ἡμέραν ἐγίγνετο X.HG2.4.6
; γενέσθαι πρός τινων to be inclined towards them, Hdt.7.22; γ. πρὸ ὁδοῦ to be forward on the way, Il.4.382; γ. ὑπό τινι to be subject to.., Hdt.7.11, Th.7.64; γ. ὑπὸ ταῖς μηχαναῖς to be under the protection of.., X.Cyr.7.1.34.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γίγνομαι
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5 ἐξίστημι
A causal in [tense] pres., [tense] impf., [tense] fut., [tense] aor. 1:— displace: hence, change, alter utterly,τὰν φύσιν Ti.Locr.100c
, Arist.EN 1119a23, cf. Plot.6.2.7;τὴν πολιτείαν Plu.Cic.10
;ἐ. τῆς ποιότητος τὸν οἶνον Id.2.702a
.2 metaph., ἐξιστάναι τινὰ φρενῶν drive one out of his senses, E.Ba. 850;νοῦ οἶνος ἐξέστησέ με E.Fr. 265
;τοῦ φρονεῖν X.Mem.1.3.12
;ταῦτα κινεῖ, ταῦτα ἐξίστησιν ἀνθρώπους αὑτῶν D. 21.72
; simply ἐ. τινά drive one out of his senses, confound, amaze, Hp.Coac. 429;ἐξιστάντα καὶ φοβοῦντα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους Muson.Fr.8p.35H.
; diverts the attention,Arist.
Rh. 1408b23; excite, ib. 36, Ev.Luc.24.22; τὸν λογισμόν, τὴν διάνοιαν, Plu.Sol.21, Crass.23; alsoἐ. τινὰ τῶν λογισμῶν Id.Fab.5
;εἰς ἀπάθειαν ἐ. τὴν ψυχήν Id.Publ. 6
.3 get rid of, dispose of the claims of a person, Sammelb.5246.14(i B.C.), etc.4 ἐξεστᾰκότα ( ἐξεστηκότα cod.): εἰς δίκην κεκληκότα, Hsch.B intr. in [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., with [tense] aor. 2, [tense] pf., and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act.:1 of Place, arise out of, become separated,ἐξ.. ἵστατο Νεῖκος Emp.36
, cf. 35.10; stand aside from, ἐκστάντες τῆς ὁδοῦ out of the way, Hdt.3.76;ἐκ τοῦ μέσου X.An.1.5.14
; θάκων καὶ ὁδῶν ἐ. [τινί] stand out of the way forhim, make way for him, Id.Smp.4.31;ἐκστῆναί τινι S.Ph. 1053
, Aj. 672, Ar.Ra. 354, etc.: abs., in same sense, E.IT 1229 (troch.), Ar. Ach. 617, etc.: metaph., is displaced, disordered,E.
Ba. 928;οὐδὲ μένει νοῦς.. ἀλλ' ἐξίσταται S.Ant. 564
.2 c. acc., shrink from, shun,νιν οὐκ ἂν ἐξέστην ὄκνῳ Id.Aj.82
;οὐδέν' ἐξίσταμαι D.18.319
;οὐδένα πώποτε κίνδυνον ἐξέστησαν Id.20.10
.3 go out of joint,ἐ. ἰσχίον Hp.Aph.6.59
, cf. Fract.14,6.II c. gen. rei, retire from, give up possession of,τῆς ἀρχῆς Th.2.63
, 4.28; ἐκστῆναι τῆς οὐσίας, ἁπάντων τῶν ὄντων, become bankrupt, Antipho 2.2.9, D.36.50;τῶν ὑπαρχόντων BGU473.11
(ii A. D.).2 cease from, abandon, τῆς φιλίας, τῶν μαθημάτων, Lys.8.18, X.Cyr.3.3.54; τῶνσπουδασμάτων Pl.Phdr. 249c
, etc.;οἱ τῶν πολιτικῶν ἐξεστηκότες Isoc. 4.171
;τῆς ὑποθέσεως D.10.46
; τῶν πεπραγμένων, i.e. disown them, Id.19.72;ἐ. τινὸς εἴς τι Pl.Lg. 907d
; also ἐ. ἄθλου τινί, στρατηγίας τινί, abandon it in his favour, Nic.Dam.73J., Plu.Nic.7;τῆς Σικελίας τινι Id.Pomp.10
.3 ἐκστῆναι πατρός lose one's father, give him up, Ar.V. 477; καρδίας ἐξίσταμαι τὸ δρᾶν I depart from my heart's purpose, S.Ant. 1105; esp. φρενῶν ἐκστῆναι lose one's senses. E.Or. 1021, etc.;διὰ τὸ γῆρας τοῦ φρονεῖν Isoc.5.18
;ἐμαυτοῦ Aeschin.2.4
, Men.Sam. 276;ψυχὴ ἐξεστηκυῖα τῶν λογισμῶν Plb.32.15.8
: abs., to be out of one's wits, be distraught,ἐ. μελαγχολικῶς Hp.Prorrh.1.18
, cf. Men.Sam.64, etc.;ἐξέστην ἰδών Philippid.27
;ἐ. ὑπὸ γήρως Com.Adesp.860
; ταῖς διανοίαις Vett. Val.70.25; ; of anger,εὐθέως ἐξστησόμενος Phld. Ir.p.78
W.; to be astonished, amazed, Ev.Matt.12.23, Ev.Marc.2.12, etc.; lose consciousness, of Sisera, LXXJd.4.21.4 ἐξίστασθαι τῆς αὑτοῦ ἰδέας depart from, degenerate from one's own nature, Pl.R. 380d;ἐκ τῆς αὑτοῦ φύσεως Arist.HA 488b19
; [δημοκρατία] ἐξεστηκυῖα τῆς βελτίστης τάξεως Id.Pol. 1309b32
; αἱ δημοκρατίαι ἐ. εἰς τὰς ἐναντίας πολιτείας degenerate into.., ib. 1306b18, cf. Rh. 1390b28: abs.,ἐ. μὴ μεταφυτευόμενον Thphr.HP6.7.6
, etc., cf. Plu.2.649e; changing its properties, turning,Hp.
VM24; οἶνος ἐξεστηκώς or ἐξιστάμενος changed, sour wine, D.35.32, Thphr.CP6.7.5; πρόσωπα ἐξεστηκότα disfigured faces, X.Cyr.5.2.34.5 abs., change one's position, one's opinion, : opp. ἐμμένειν τῇ δόξῃ, Arist.EN 1151b4.6 of language, to be removed from common usage, Id.Rh. 1404b13.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐξίστημι
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6 ἀπό
ἀπό (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. (see the lit. on ἀνά, beg., also for ἀπό: KDieterich, IndogF 24, 1909, 93–158; LfgrE s.v.). Basic sense ‘separation from’ someone or someth., fr. which the other uses have developed. In the NT it has encroached on the domain of Att. ἐκ, ὑπό, παρά, and the gen. of separation; s. Mlt. 102; 246; Mlt-Turner 258f.① a marker to indicate separation from a place, whether person or thing, from, away fromⓐ w. all verbs denoting motion, esp. those compounded w. ἀπό: ἀπάγεσθαι, ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι, ἀπελαύνειν, ἀπέρχεσθαι, ἀπολύεσθαι, ἀποπλανᾶσθαι, ἀποστέλλειν, ἀποφεύγειν, ἀποχωρεῖν, ἀποχωρίζεσθαι; but also w. ἀνίστασθαι, διαστῆναι, διέρχεσθαι, ἐκδημεῖν, ἐκκινεῖν, ἐκπλεῖν, ἐκπορεύεσθαι, ἐξέρχεσθαι, ἐξωθεῖν, ἐπιδιδόναι, μεταβαίνειν, μετατίθεσθαι, νοσφίζειν, παραγίνεσθαι, πλανᾶσθαι, πορεύεσθαι, ὑπάγειν, ὑποστρέφειν, φεύγειν; s. the entries in question.ⓑ w. all verbs expressing the idea of separation ἐκβάλλειν τὸ κάρφος ἀ. τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ remove the splinter fr. the eye Mt 7:4 v.l. (for ἐκ). ἐξέβαλον ἀπὸ τῆς πήρας αὐτῶν δῶρα they set forth gifts out of their travel bags GJs 21:3. ἀπολύεσθαι ἀ. ἀνδρός be divorced fr. her husband Lk 16:18, cp. Ac 15:33. ἀποκυλίειν, ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι, ἀποστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι, ἐπανάγειν, αἴρειν, ἀφαιρεῖν, ἀπολέσθαι, μερίζειν et al., s. the pertinent entries. So also κενὸς ἀ. τινος Hs 9, 19, 2. ἔρημος ἀ. τινος (Jer 51:2) 2 Cl 2:3. W. verbs which express the concept of separation in the wider sense, like loose, free, acquit et al. ἀπορφανίζειν, ἀποσπᾶν, διεγείρεσθαι, δικαιοῦν, ἐκδικοῦν, ἐλευθεροῦν, λούειν, λύειν, λυτροῦν, ῥαντίζειν, σαλεύειν, στέλλειν, σῴζειν, φθείρειν, s. the entries; hence also ἀθῷος (Sus 46 Theod. v.l.) Mt 27:24. καθαρὸς ἀ. τινος (Tob 3:14; but s. Dssm. NB 24 [BS 196; 216]) Ac 20:26; cp. Kuhring 54.ⓒ verbs meaning be on guard, be ashamed, etc., take ἀπό to express the occasion or object of their caution, shame, or fear; so αἰσχύνεσθαι, βλέπειν, μετανοεῖν, προσέχειν, φοβεῖσθαι, φυλάσσειν, φυλάσσεσθαι; s. 5 below.ⓓ w. verbs of concealing, hiding, hindering, the pers. from whom someth. is concealed is found w. ἀπό; so κρύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, παρακαλύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, κωλύειν τι ἀπό τινος; s. the entries.ⓔ in pregnant constr. like ἀνάθεμα εἶναι ἀ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ be separated fr. Christ by a curse Ro 9:3. μετανοεῖν ἀ. τ. κακίας (Jer 8:6) Ac 8:22. ἀποθνῄσκειν ἀ. τινος through death become free from Col 2:20. φθείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. ἁπλότητος be ruinously diverted from wholehearted commitment 2 Cor 11:3. Cp. Hs 6, 2, 4.ⓕ as a substitute for the partitive gen. (Hdt. 6, 27, 2; Thu. 7, 87, 6; PPetr III, 11, 20; PIand 8, 6; Kuhring 20; Rossberg 22; Johannessohn, Präp. 17) τίνα ἀ. τῶν δύο; Mt 27:21, cp. Lk 9:38; 19:39 (like PTebt 299, 13; 1 Macc 1:13; 3:24; Sir 6:6; 46:8). τὰ ἀ. τοῦ πλοίου pieces of the ship Ac 27:44. ἐκχεῶ ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματός μου Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f). λαμβάνειν ἀ. τ. καρπῶν get a share of the vintage Mk 12:2 (cp. Just., A I, 65, 5 μεταλαβεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ … ἄρτου).—Of foods (as in Da 1:13, 4:33a; 2 Macc 7:1) ἐσθίειν ἀ. τ. ψιχίων eat some of the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28. χορτάζεσθαι ἀ. τινος eat one’s fill of someth. Lk 16:21. αἴρειν ἀ. τῶν ἰχθύων pick up the remnants of the fish Mk 6:43. ἐνέγκατε ἀ. τ. ὀψαρίων bring some of the fish J 21:10 (the only instance of this usage in J; s. M-EBoismard, Le chapitre 21 de Saint Jean: RB 54 [’47] 492).—Of drink (cp. Sir 26:12) πίνειν ἀπὸ τ. γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου drink the product of the vine Lk 22:18.② to indicate the point from which someth. begins, whether lit. or fig.ⓐ of place from, out from (Just., D. 86, 1 ἀπὸ τῆς πέτρας ὕδωρ ἀναβλύσαν ‘gushing out of the rock’) σημεῖον ἀ. τ. οὐρανοῦ a sign fr. heaven Mk 8:11. ἀ. πόλεως εἰς πόλιν from one city to another Mt 23:34. ἀπʼ ἄκρων οὐρανῶν ἕως ἄκρων αὐτῶν (Dt 30:4; Ps 18:7) from one end of heaven to the other 24:31, cp. Mk 13:27. ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω from top to bottom Mt 27:51. ἀρξάμενοι ἀ. Ἰερουσαλήμ beginning in Jerusalem Lk 24:47 (s. also Lk 23:5; Ac 1:22; 10:37). ἀφʼ ὑμῶν ἐξήχηται ὁ λόγος τ. κυρίου the word of the Lord has gone out from you and sounded forth 1 Th 1:8. ἀπὸ βορρᾶ, ἀπὸ νότου in the north, in the south (PCairGoodsp 6, 5 [129 B.C.] ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ νότου πεδίῳ; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 11A col. 1, 12f [123 B.C.] τὸ ἀπὸ νότου τῆς πόλεως χῶμα; ln. 7 ἀπὸ βορρᾶ τῆς πόλεως; 70, 16 al.; Josh 18:5; 19:34; 1 Km 14:5) Rv 21:13.ⓑ of time from … (on), since (POxy 523, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 8; s. Kuhring 54ff).α. ἀ. τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου from the days of John Mt 11:12. ἀ. τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 9:22. ἀπʼ ἐκείνης τ. ἡμέρας (Jos., Bell. 4, 318, Ant. 7, 382) Mt 22:46; J 11:53. ἔτη ἑπτὰ ἀ. τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς for seven years fr. the time she was a virgin Lk 2:36. ἀ. ἐτῶν δώδεκα for 12 years 8:43. ἀ. τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νυκτός Ac 23:23. ἀ. κτίσεως κόσμου Ro 1:20. ἀ. πέρυσι since last year, a year ago 2 Cor 8:10; 9:2.—ἀπʼ αἰῶνος, ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς, ἀπʼ ἄρτι (also ἀπαρτί and ἄρτι), ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, ἀπὸ τότε, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν; s. the pertinent entries.β. w. the limits defined, forward and backward: ἀπὸ … ἕως (Jos., Ant. 6, 364) Mt 27:45. ἀπὸ … ἄχρι Phil 1:5. ἀπὸ … μέχρι Ac 10:30; Ro 5:14; 15:19.γ. ἀφʼ ἧς (sc. ὥρας or ἡμέρας, which is found Col 1:6, 9; but ἀφʼ ἧς became a fixed formula: ParJer 7:28; Plut., Pelop. [285] 15, 5; s. B-D-F §241, 2) since Lk 7:45 (Renehan ’75, 36f); Ac 24:11; 2 Pt 3:4 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 6, 6; 1 Macc 1:11). ἀφʼ οὗ (sc.—as in X., Cyr. 1, 2, 13—χρόνου; Att. ins in Meisterhans.3-Schw. and s. Witkowski, index 163; ἀφʼ οὗ is also a formula) since, when once (X., Symp. 4, 62; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 16 Jac.; Lucian, Dial. Mar. 15, 1; Ex 5:23 GrBar 3:6) Lk 13:25; 24:21; Rv 16:18 (cp. Da 12:1; 1 Macc 9:29; 16:24; 2 Macc 1:7; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 23; GrBar; Jos., Ant. 4, 78). τρία ἔτη ἀφʼ οὗ (cp. Tob 5:35 S) Lk 13:7. ἀφότε s. ὅτε 1aγ end.ⓒ the beg. of a series from … (on).α. ἀρξάμενος ἀ. Μωϋσέως καὶ ἀ. πάντων τ. προφητῶν beginning w. Moses and all the prophets Lk 24:27. ἕβδομος ἀ. Ἀδάμ Jd 14 (Diod S 1, 50, 3 ὄγδοος ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρός [ancestor]; Appian, Mithrid. 9 §29 τὸν ἕκτον ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου Μιθριδάτην; Arrian, Anab. 7, 12, 4; Diog. L. 3, 1: Plato in the line of descent was ἕκτος ἀπὸ Σόλωνος; Biogr. p. 31: Homer δέκατος ἀπὸ Μουσαίου). ἀ. διετοῦς καὶ κατωτέρω Mt 2:16 (cp. Num 1:20; 2 Esdr 3:8).β. w. both beg. and end given ἀπὸ … ἕως (Sir 18:26; 1 Macc 9:13) Mt 1:17; 23:35; Ac 8:10. Sim., ἀ. δόξης εἰς δόξαν fr. glory to glory 2 Cor 3:18.③ to indicate origin or source, fromⓐ lit., with verbs of motionα. down from πίπτειν ἀ. τραπέζης Mt 15:27. καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀ. θρόνων God has dethroned rulers Lk 1:52.β. from ἔρχεσθαι ἀ. θεοῦ J 3:2; cp. 13:3; 16:30. παραγίνεται ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mt 3:13; ἀ. ἀνατολῶν ἥξουσιν 8:11 (Is 49:12; 59:19); ἀ. τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπορεύετο 24:1; ἀ. Παμφυλίας Ac 15:38. ἐγείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. νεκρῶν be raised from the dead Mt 14:2.ⓑ lit., to indicate someone’s local origin from (Hom. et al.; Soph., El. 701; Hdt. 8, 114; ins [RevArch 4 sér. IV 1904 p. 9 ἀπὸ Θεσσαλονίκης]; pap [HBraunert, Binnenwanderung ’64, 384, s.v.; PFlor 14, 2; 15, 5; 17, 4; 22, 13 al.]; Judg 12:8; 13:2; 17:1 [all three acc. to B]; 2 Km 23:20 al.; Jos., Bell. 3, 422, Vi. 217; Just., A I, 1 τῶν ἀπὸ Φλαουί̈ας Νέας πόλεως; s. B-D-F §209, 3; Rob. 578) ἦν ἀ. Βηθσαϊδά he was from B. J 1:44; cp. 12:21. ὄχλοι ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας crowds fr. Galilee Mt 4:25. ἄνδρες ἀ. παντὸς ἔθνους Ac 2:5. ἀνὴρ ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου a man fr. the crowd Lk 9:38. ὁ προφήτης ὁ ἀ. Ναζαρέθ Mt 21:11. οἱ ἀ. Κιλικίας the Cilicians Ac 6:9. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ οἱ ἀ. Ἰόππης 10:23 (Musaeus 153 παρθένος ἀπʼ Ἀρκαδίας; Just., A I, 58, 1 Μακρίωνα … τὸν ἀπὸ Πόντου). οἱ ἀ. Θεσσαλονίκης Ἰουδαῖοι 17:13. οἱ ἀ. τῆς Ἰταλίας the Italians Hb 13:24, who could be inside as well as outside Italy (cp. Dssm., Her. 33, 1898, 344, LO 167, 1 [LAE 200, 3]; Mlt. 237; B-D-F §437).—Rather denoting close association οἱ ἀ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας members of the church Ac 12:1; likew. 15:5 (cp. Plut., Cato Min. 4, 2 οἱ ἀπὸ τ. στοᾶς φιλόσοφοι; Ps.-Demetr. c. 68 οἱ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ=his [Isocrates’] pupils; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 162b; 66 p. 206c; PTebt 33, 3 [112 B.C.], Ῥωμαῖος τῶν ἀπὸ συγκλήτου; Ar. 15, 1 Χριστιανοὶ γενεαλογοῦνται ἀπὸ … Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ; Ath.).—To indicate origin in the sense of material fr. which someth. is made (Hdt. 7, 65; Theocr. 15, 117; IPriene 117, 72 ἀπὸ χρυσοῦ; 1 Esdr 8:56; Sir 43:20 v.l.) ἔνδυμα ἀ. τριχῶν καμήλου clothing made of camel’s hair Mt 3:4.ⓒ fig., w. verbs of asking, desiring, to denote the pers. of or from whom a thing is asked (Ar. 11, 3): δανίσασθαι ἀπό τινος borrow fr. someone Mt 5:42. ἐκζητεῖν ἀ. τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης Lk 11:51. ἀπαιτεῖν τι ἀπό τινος Lk 12:20. ζητεῖν τι ἀπό τινος 1 Th 2:6. λαμβάνειν τι ἀπό τινος Mt 17:25f; 3J 7.ⓓ fig., w. verbs of perceiving, to indicate source of the perception (Lysias, Andoc. 6; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 399b ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τῶν ἔργων θεωρεῖται ὁ θεός; Appian, Liby. 104 §493 ἀπὸ τῆς σφραγῖδος=[recognize a corpse] by the seal-ring; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 1 στοχάζεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων; Just., D. 60, 1 τοῦτο νοοῦμεν ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τῶν προλελεγμένων; 100, 2 ἀπὸ τῶν γραφῶν): ἀ. τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς by their fruits you will know them Mt 7:16, 20. μανθάνειν παραβολὴν ἀ. τῆς συκῆς learn a lesson from the fig tree 24:32; Mk 13:28. ἀπὸ τῶν σπερμάτων μὴ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν παραβολήν if we are not to derive our parable solely from reference to seeds (cp. 1 Cor 15:37) AcPlCor 2:28.—Also μανθάνειν τι ἀπό τινος learn someth. fr. someone Gal 3:2; Col 1:7.ⓔ γράψαι ἀφʼ ὧν ἠδυνήθην, lit., write from what I was able, i.e. as well as I could B 21:9 (cp. Tat. 12, 5 οὐκ ἀπὸ γλώττης οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰκότων οὐδὲ ἀπʼ ἐννοιῶν etc.).④ to indicate distance fr. a point, away from, for μακρὰν ἀ. τινος far fr. someone, ἀπὸ μακρόθεν fr. a great distance s. μακράν, μακρόθεν. ἀπέχειν ἀπό τινος s. ἀπέχω 4. W. detailed measurements (corresp. to Lat. ‘a’, s. B-D-F §161, 1; Rob. 575; WSchulze, Graeca Latina 1901, 15ff; Hdb. on J 11:18; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 12 §42; CB I/2, 390 no. 248) ἦν Βηθανία ἐγγὺς τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ὡς ἀπὸ σταδίων δεκατέντε Bethany was near Jerusalem, about 15 stades (less than 3 km.) away J 11:18. ὡς ἀπὸ πηχῶν διακοσίων about 200 cubits (c. 90 meters) 21:8. ἀπὸ σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων about 1600 stades (c. 320 km.) Rv 14:20; cp. Hv 4, 1, 5 (for other examples of this usage, s. Rydbeck 68).—Hebraistically ἀπὸ προσώπου τινός (Gen 16:6; Jer 4:26; Jdth 2:14; Sir 21:2; 1 Macc 5:34; En 103:4; Just., A I, 37, 1 ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ πατρὸς ἐλέχθησαν διὰ Ἠσαίου … οἵδε οἱ λόγοι ‘in the name of the father … through Isaiah’; 38, 1 al.)=מִפְּנֵי פ׳ ( away) from the presence of someone 2 Th 1:9 (Is 2:10, 19, 21); Rv 12:14 (B-D-F §140; 217, 1; Mlt-H. 466).⑤ to indicate cause, means, or outcomeⓐ gener., to show the reason for someth. because of, as a result of, for (numerous ref. in FBleek on Hb 5:7; PFay 111, 4; POxy 3314, 7 [from falling off a horse]; Jdth 2:20; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; AscIs 3:13; Jos., Ant. 9, 56) οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου he could not because of the crowd Lk 19:3; cp. Mk 2:4 D. οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11. ἀ. τοῦ πλήθους τ. ἰχθύων J 21:6 (M-EBoismard, ad loc.: s. 1f end). ἀ. τοῦ ὕδατος for the water Hs 8, 2, 8. ἀ. τῆς θλίψεως because of the persecution Ac 11:19. οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀ. τ. σκανδάλων Mt 18:7 (s. B-D-F §176, 1; Mlt. 246). εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀ. τῆς εὐλαβείας heard because of his piety Hb 5:7 (but the text may be corrupt; at any rate it is obscure and variously interpr.; besides the comm. s. KRomaniuk, Die Gottesfürchtigen im NT: Aegyptus 44, ’64, 84; B-D-F §211; Rob. 580; s. on εὐλάβεια).ⓑ to indicate means with the help of, with (Hdt. et al.; Ael. Aristid. 37, 23 K.=2 p. 25 D.; PGM 4, 2128f σφράγιζε ἀπὸ ῥύπου=seal with dirt; En 97:8) γεμίσαι τὴν κοιλίαν ἀ. τ. κερατίων fill one’s stomach w. the husks Lk 15:16 v.l. (s. ἐκ 4aζ; cp. Pr 18:20). οἱ πλουτήσαντες ἀπʼ αὐτῆς Rv 18:15 (cp. Sir 11:18).ⓒ to indicate motive or reason for, from, with (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 13 §52 ἀπʼ εὐνοίας=with goodwill; 1 Macc 6:10; pap exx. in Kuhring 35) κοιμᾶσθαι ἀ. τῆς λύπης sleep from sorrow Lk 22:45. ἀ. τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτοῦ Mt 13:44; cp. Lk 24:41; Ac 12:14. ἀ. τοῦ φόβου κράζειν Mt 14:26, ἀ. φόβου καὶ προσδοκίας with fear and expectation Lk 21:26. Hence verbs of fearing, etc., take ἀ. to show the cause of the fear (s. above 1c) μὴ φοβεῖσθαι ἀ. τ. ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα not be afraid of those who kill only the body Mt 10:28; Lk 12:4 (cp. Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 3:22; 8:12; En 106:4).ⓓ to indicate the originator of the action denoted by the verb from (Trag., Hdt. et al.) ἀ. σοῦ σημεῖον ἰδεῖν Mt 12:38. γινώσκειν ἀπό τινος learn fr. someone Mk 15:45. ἀκούειν ἀ. τοῦ στόματός τινος hear fr. someone’s mouth, i.e. fr. him personally Lk 22:71 (Dionys. Hal. 3, 8 ἀ. στόματος ἤκουσεν); cp. Ac 9:13; 1J 1:5. τὴν ἀ. σοῦ ἐπαγγελίαν a promise given by you Ac 23:21 (cp. Ath. 2, 3 ταῖς ἀπὸ τῶν κατηγόρων αἰτίαις ‘the charges made by the accusers’). ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν Hb 11:12. Prob. παραλαμβάνειν ἀ. τοῦ κυρίου 1 Cor 11:23 is to be understood in the same way: Paul is convinced that he is taught by the Lord himself (for direct teaching s. EBröse, Die Präp. ἀπό 1 Cor 11:23: StKr 71, 1898, 351–60; Dssm.; BWeiss; Ltzm.; H-DWendland. But for indirect communication: Zahn et al.). παραλαβὼν ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Φιλίππου, ὅτι Papias (11:2); opp. παρειληφέναι ὑπὸ τῶν θ. Φ. (2:9).—Of the more remote cause ἀπʼ ἀνθρώπων from human beings (as opposed to transcendent revelation; w. διʼ ἀνθρώπου; cp. Artem. 1, 73 p. 66, 11 ἀπὸ γυναικῶν ἢ διὰ γυναικῶν; 2, 36 p. 135, 26) Gal 1:1. ἀ. κυρίου πνεύματος fr. the Lord, who is the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18. ἔχειν τι ἀπό τινος have (received) someth. fr. someone 1 Cor 6:19; 1 Ti 3:7; 1J 2:20; 4:21.—In salutation formulas εἰρήνη ἀ. θεοῦ πατρός ἡμῶν peace that comes from God, our father Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; cp. 6:23; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1 v.l.; 2 Th 1:2; 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3. σοφία ἀ. θεοῦ wisdom that comes fr. God 1 Cor 1:30. ἔπαινος ἀ. θεοῦ praise fr. God 4:5. καὶ τοῦτο ἀ. θεοῦ and that brought about by God Phil 1:28. The expr. εἰρήνη ἀπὸ ‘ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος’ Rv 1:4 is quite extraordinary. It may be an interpretation of the name Yahweh already current, or an attempt to show reverence for the divine name by preserving it unchanged, or simply one more of the grammatical peculiarities so frequent in Rv (Meyer6-Bousset 1906, 159ff; Mlt. 9, note 1; cp. PParis 51, 33 ἀπὸ ἀπηλιότης; Mussies 93f, 328).ⓔ to indicate responsible agents for someth., from, ofα. the self, st. Gk. usage (Thu. 5, 60, 1; X., Mem. 2, 10, 3; Andoc., Orat. 2, 4 οὗτοι οὐκ ἀφʼ αὑτῶν ταῦτα πράττουσιν; Diod S 17, 56; Num 16:28; 4 Macc 11:3; En 98:4; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 26 [Stone p. 38]; 18 p. 101, 6 [Stone p. 50]; Just., A I, 43, 8) the expr. ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (pl. ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν) of himself and ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ of myself are common Lk 12:57; 21:30; 2 Cor 3:5, esp. so in J: 5:19, 30; 8:28; 10:18; 15:4.—7:17f; 11:51; 14:10; 16:13; 18:34. So also ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐκ ἐλήλυθα I did not come of myself (opp. the Father sent me) 7:28; 8:42.β. fr. others. W. verbs in the pass. voice or pass. mng. ὑπό is somet. replaced by ἀπό (in isolated cases in older Gk. e.g. Thu. 1, 17 et al. [Kühner-G. II/1 p. 457f]; freq. in later Gk.: Polyb. 1, 79, 14; Hero I 152, 6; 388, 11; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 130 Jac.; IG XII/5, 29, 1; SIG 820, 9; PLond III, 1173, 12 p. 208; BGU 1185, 26; PFlor 150, 6 ἀ. τῶν μυῶν κατεσθιόμενα; PGM 4, 256; Kuhring 36f; 1 Macc 15:17; Sir 16:4; ParJer 1:1 ᾐχμαλωτεύθησαν … ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 62; Just., A I, 68, 6 ἐπιστολὴν … γραφεῖσάν μοι ἀπὸ Σερήνου, D. 121, 3 ἀπὸ παντὸς [γένους] μετάνοιαν πεποιῆσθαι. See B-D-F §210; Rob. 820; GHatzidakis, Einl. in d. neugriech. Gramm. 1892, 211; AJannaris, An Histor. Gk. Grammar 1897, §1507). Yet just at this point the textual tradition varies considerably, and the choice of prep. is prob. at times influenced by the wish to express special nuances of mng. Lk 8:29b v.l. (ὑπό text); 43b (ὑπό v.l.); 10:22 D; ἀποδεδειγμένος ἀ. τ. θεοῦ attested by God Ac 2:22. ἐπικληθεὶς Βαρναβᾶς ἀ. (ὑπό v.l.) τ. ἀποστόλων named B. by the apostles 4:36. κατενεχθεὶς ἀ. τοῦ ὕπνου overcome by sleep 20:9. ἀθετούμενος ἀπὸ τῶν παραχαρασσόντων τὰ λόγια αὐτοῦ inasmuch as (Jesus) is being rejected by those who falsify his words AcPlCor 2:3. νεκροῦ βληθέντος ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπʼ αὐτά when a corpse was cast upon them (the bones of Elisha) 2:32. In such cases ἀπό freq. denotes the one who indirectly originates an action, and can be transl. at the hands of, by command of: πολλὰ παθεῖν ἀ. τ. πρεσβυτέρων suffer much at the hands of the elders Mt 16:21; cp. Lk 9:22; 17:25, where the emphasis is to be placed on παθεῖν, not on ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι. In ἀ. θεοῦ πειράζομαι the thought is that the temptation is caused by God, though not actually carried out by God Js 1:13. ἡτοιμασμένος ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ prepared by God’s command, not by God in person Rv 12:6.⑥ In a few expr. ἀπό helps to take the place of an adverb. ἀπὸ μέρους, s. μέρος 1c.—ἡμέρᾳ ἀφʼ ἡμέρας day by day GJs 12:3.—ἀπὸ μιᾶς (acc. to Wlh., Einl.2 26, an Aramaism, min ḥădā˒=at once [s. MBlack, An Aramaic Approach3, ’67, 113]; but this does not explain the fem. gender, found also in the formulaic ἐπὶ μιᾶς Maxim. Tyr. 6, 3f En 99:9 [s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 3] and in Mod. Gk. μὲ μιᾶς at once [Thumb §162 note 2]. PSI 286, 22 uses ἀπὸ μιᾶς of a payment made ‘at once’; on the phrase s. New Docs 2, 189. Orig. γνώμης might have been a part of the expr. [Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 73], or ὁρμῆς [Thu. 7, 71, 6], or γλώσσης [Cass. Dio 44, 36, 2], or φωνῆς [Herodian 1, 4, 8]; cp. ἀπὸ μιᾶς φωνῆς Plut., Mor. 502d of an echo; s. B-D-F §241, 6) unanimously, alike, in concert Lk 14:18. Sim. ἀπὸ τ. καρδιῶν fr. (your) hearts, sincerely Mt 18:35.—Himerius, Or. 39 [=Or. 5], 6 has as a formula διὰ μιᾶς, probably = continuously, uninterruptedly, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 2 fuller διὰ μιᾶς τῆς σπουδῆς=with one and the same, or with quite similar zeal.—M-M. -
7 χωρίς
χωρίς adv. (Hom.+)① used as an adv. (Hom.+; ins; POxy 1088, 41 [I A.D.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 586, Ant. 17, 308) pert. to occurring separately or being separate, separately, apart, by itself J 20:7; ITr 11:2; Hs 8, 1, 6–17; 8, 4, 4–6.② in our lit. freq. used as prep. w. gen. (coming only after the word it governs οὗ χωρίς Hb 12:14; ITr 9:2; s. Kuhring 48f; B-D-F §216, 2; 487; Rob. 425; 647f) pert. to the absence or lack of someth., without, apart from, independent(ly of) (Pind.+; the most typical Hellenistic word for ‘without’, s. FSolmsen, Beiträge zur griech. Wortforschung1909, 115; B-D-F §216, 2; Johannessohn, Präp. 337; 339f; MMargolis, PHaupt Festschr, 1926, 84ff).ⓐ w. gen. of pers.α. separated from someone, far from someone, without someone (Vi. Hom. 2 χωρὶς πάντων=apart fr. everyone) ἦτε χωρὶς Χριστοῦ Eph 2:12; cp. ITr 9:1f. χωρὶς ἐμοῦ apart from me J 15:5. χ. τοῦ ἐπισκόπου ITr 7:2; IPhld 7:2; ISm 8:1f; cp. IMg 4 (cp. Alex. Ep. 25, 44f). For ITr 3:1 s. β. οὔτε γυνὴ χωρὶς ἀνδρὸς οὔτε ἀνὴρ χωρὶς γυναικός neither (is) woman (anything) apart fr. man, nor man fr. woman 1 Cor 11:11. χωρὶς ἡμῶν ἐβασιλεύσατε without us you have already become kings 4:8. Cp. Hb 11:40.—Hb 2:9 the v.l. χωρὶς θεοῦ (for χάριτι θεοῦ) apart fr. God, forsaken by God (schol. on Apollon, Rhod. 23 275 χωρὶς τοῦ Διός) is considered the original rdg. by BWeiss (Der Hb in zeitgeschichtl, Beleuchtung; TU 35, 3, 1910 p. 12, 1), EKühl (Theol. der Gegenwart 6, 1912, 252), AvHarnack (Zwei alte dogm. Korrekturen im Hb: SBBerl-Ak 1929, 3ff=Studien I ’31, 236–45), and HMontefiore (The Epistle to the Hebrews ’64, 59); this opinion is in contrast to nearly all Gk. mss. beginning w. P46 and to most other interpreters (s. JKögel, BFCT VIII 5/6, 1904, 131–41 for an older defense of this view; s. also later comm.).β. without or apart from = apart fr. someone’s activity or assistance (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 65 §298 χωρὶς ὑμῶν; Dionys. Perieg.[?], De Avibus: JCramer, Anecd. Paris. I 1839 p. 33, 13 the phoenix comes into being πατρός τε καὶ μητρὸς χωρίς; Jos., Ant. 15, 226) χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν J 1:3 (cp. 1QS 11:11). πῶς ἀκούσωσιν χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος; how are they to hear without someone to preach to them? Ro 10:14.—Cp. ITr 3:1, of var. eccl. officials; IMg 9:2 of Christ.γ. besides, in addition to, except (for) someone (ApcMos 38; Jos., Ant. 7, 352; Just., A II, 1, 2) χωρὶς γυναικῶν καὶ παιδίων besides women and children Mt 14:21; 15:38. χωρὶς τούτου μηδέν nothing except him (i.e. Christ) IEph 11:2.ⓑ w. gen. of thingα. outside (of) someth. χ. τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 12:3.β. without making use of someth., without expressing or practicing someth. (Jos., Ant. 20, 41 χ. τῆς περιτομῆς τὸ θεῖον σέβειν; Ath. 15, 2 χωρὶς τέχνης) χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει Mt 13:34; Mk 4:34. χωρὶς θεμελίου Lk 6:49. χωρὶς γογγυσμῶν Phil 2:14. Cp. 1 Ti 2:8; 5:21. χωρὶς τῆς σῆς γνώμης without having obtained your consent (Polyb. 3, 21, 1; 2; 7) Phlm 14 (γ below is also poss.). χωρὶς πάσης ἀντιλογίας Hb 7:7 (ἀντιλογία 1). χ. οἰκτιρμῶν without pity 10:28 (POxy 509, 19 χ. ὑπερθέσεως=without delay); cp. 7:20ab; 9:7, 18, 22. Christ was tempted χ. ἁμαρτίας without committing any sin 4:15. πίστις χ. τῶν ἔργων faith that does not express itself in deeds Js 2:20, 26b, cp. vs. 18. χωρὶς τῆς ἀσφαλείας without (making use of) the security MPol 13:3.γ. without possessing someth., apart fr. the presence of someth. (Ath. 19, 3 χωρὶς τῆς ὕλης ἢ τοῦ τεχνίτου) χ. νόμου ἁμαρτία νεκρά Ro 7:8; on ἐγὼ ἔζων χωρὶς νόμου ποτέ vs. 9 s. [ζάω] 2a. τὸ σῶμα χ. πνεύματος Js 2:26a. Χ. τῆς σῆς γνώμης without your consent (cp. POxy 719, 27) Phlm 14 (though bβ above is also prob.). Cp. Hb 11:6; 12:8, 14.δ. without relation to or connection with someth., independent(ly) of someth. χ. ἁμαρτίας without any relation to sin, i.e. not w. the purpose of atoning for it Hb 9:28. χ. ἔργων νόμου without regard to the observance of the law Ro 3:28; cp. vs. 21; 4:6.ε. apart from (Diod S 13, 54, 7 χ. τούτων; Appian, Iber. 20 §76 and 64, Illyr. 15 §42; PTebt 67, 16; POxy 724, 6; Lev 9:17; Num 17:14; EpArist 165; Jos., Ant. 7, 350; Ath., R. 10 p. 58, 29 χ. δὲ τούτων) χωρὶς τῶν παρεκτός 2 Cor 11:28 (s. παρεκτός 1).—DELG s.v. χώρα. M-M. EDNT. -
8 ἐπίσταμαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `be assured, know how'(Il.), also `believe' (Heraklit., Hdt.), first intr. as in ἐπιστάμενος μεν ἄκοντι Ο 282.Other forms: Fut. ἐπιστήσομαι (Il.), Aor. ἠπιστήθην (Hdt., att.)Compounds: Also with prefix, e. g. ἐξ-, συν-επίσταμαι.Derivatives: ἐπιστήμων `knowing about, expert' (Od.) with ἐπιστημονικός `of the ἐπιστήμων', usu. `belonging to knowing, to knowledge' referring to ἐπιστήμη (Arist.), ἐπιστημοσύνη (Xenokr.); also ἐπίστημος (Hp.; Chantraine Formation 152); denomin. verbs, both rare and late: ἐπιστημονίζομαι (Al.), ἐπιστημόομαι (Aq.) `become ἐπ.'. - ἐπιστήμη `understanding, knowing, knowledge' (Ion.-Att.; on the history of the meaning Snell Die Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens 81ff.); the - η- of the derivatives was favored by the adj. in - ήμων, resp. by μνή-μη, φή-μη (Chantraine 173, 148; Schwyzer 522); thus in the verbal adjective. - ἐπιστητός `what can be understood, scienticically accessible' (Pl., Arist.).Etymology: From *ἐπι-hίσταμαι with early loss of the breath and vowel contraction (resp. hyphäresis), Wackernagel KZ 33, 20f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 699f. Through the meaning development (*`stand before something' \> `be confronted with sth., take knowledge of sth.'?; first of practical professions, Bréal MSL 10, 59f., thus OHG firstān, OE forstandan; acc. to Fraenkel REIE 2, 50ff. `be on the track of, discover'; s. alo Snell l. c.) ἐπίσταμαι was also formally separated from ἵσταμαι, what lead already in Homer to a new ἐφ-ίσταμαι `stand at'. - Acc. to others old fomation without reduplication (lit. in Schwyzer 675 n. 2), after Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 3, 160 from an aorist ἐπι-στάμενος, - σταίμην newly formed.Page in Frisk: 1,542-543Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐπίσταμαι
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9 ἁμαρτωλός
ἁμαρτωλός, όν pert. to behavior or activity that does not measure up to standard moral or cultic expectations (being considered an outsider because of failure to conform to certain standards is a freq. semantic component. Persons engaged in certain occupations, e.g. herding and tanning, that jeopardized cultic purity, would be considered by some as ‘sinners’, a term tantamount to ‘outsider’. Non-Israelites were esp. considered out of bounds [cp. Ac 10:28 and s. b, below]).ⓐ as adj. (Aristoph., Th. 1111; Aristot., EN 2, 9, 1109a 33; Philod., Ira p. 73 W.; Plut., Mor. 25c; LXX; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 22 [Stone p. 20]; Just., A I, 15, 5, D. 43, 3 al.) sinful ἐν τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ τῇ μοιχαλίδι καὶ ἁ. in this adulterous (=unfaithful) and sinful generation Mk 8:38. ἵνα γένηται καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ἁ. ἡ ἁμαρτία that sin might become sinful in the extreme Ro 7:13.—With focus on cultic nonconformity ἀνὴρ ἁ. (Sir 15:12; 27:30; 1 Macc 2:62) a sinner Lk 5:8; 19:7; ἄνθρωπος ἁ. (Sir 11:32; 32:17) J 9:16; pl. (Num 32:14; Just., D. 23, 2) Lk 24:7.ⓑ as subst.α. ὁ ἁ. the sinner, gener. w. focus on wrongdoing as such (ins from Lycia ἁ. θεοῖς ‘sinner against the gods’ [IAsMinLyk I, 30, no. 7; CIG 4307; Lyc. ins: ARW 19, 1919, 284] or ἁ. θεῶν [IAsMinLyk II, 36, no. 58; OGI 55, 31f; CIG 4259, 6]; other ins: Steinleitner [see ἁμαρτάνω, end] p. 84f; LXX, En, TestAbr, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos, Test12Patr; Just., A I, 15, 8 al.) ἁ. παρὰ πάντας τοὺς Γαλιλαίους greater sinners than all the other Galileans Lk 13:2; (opp. δίκαιος as En 104:6) οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους, ἀλλὰ ἁ. Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 2 Cl 2:4; B 5:9; cp. Hs 3:2f; 4:2ff. W. ἀσεβής (En 5:6) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); B 11:7 (Ps 1:5); w. πονηρός (Gen 13:13) 4:2; w. ἄπιστος Rv 21:8 v.l.; ἁ. εἰμι Hm 4, 2, 3. οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἁ. ἐστιν J 9:24; cp. vs. 25. ἁ. μετανοῶν a sinner who repents Lk 15:7, 10. μετάνοια τῶν ἁ. Hs 8, 6, 6. ἁμαρτωλοὺς προσδέχεσθαι Lk 15:2. ἁ. σῶσαι 1 Ti 1:15; ἐπιστρέφειν ἁ. Js 5:20; ἱλάσθητί μοι τῷ ἁ. Lk 18:13. ἁμαρτωλῶν οὐκ ἀκούει of God J 9:31. ἡ ἁμαρτωλός the sinful woman Lk 7:37, 39 (PJoüon, RSR 29, ’39, 615–19). In rhetorical address Js 4:8.β. with focus on status of outsider—w. τελώνης (IAbrahams, Publicans and Sinners: Stud. in Pharisaism and the Gospels I 1917, 54ff; JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31, 293–300; WRaney, JR 10, 1930, 578–91; Goodsp., Probs. 28f) irreligious, unobservant people, outsiders of those who did not observe the Law in detail and therefore were shunned by observers of traditional precepts Mt 9:10f; 11:19; Mk 2:15f; Lk 5:30; 7:34; 15:1.—Lk 6:32 has ἁ., whereas its parallel Mt 5:46 has τελώνης. W. ἔθνη Hs 4:4; more precisely ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί, which means, in the usage of Judeans and Judean Christians, no ‘sinners’ of gentile descent Gal 2:15. Gener. a favorite term for non-Israelites (Is 14:5; Tob 13:8; 1 Macc 1:34 al.); hence the irony in ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται εἰς (τὰς) χεῖρας (τῶν) ἁ. (the Israelite Jesus delivered to the ‘outsiders’, gentiles) Mt 26:45; Mk 14:41 (on χεῖρ. ἁ. cp. Ps 70:4; 81:4; 96:10); cp. Lk 6:32ff, whose parallel Mt 5:47 has ἐθνικός. (ἡ) ὁδὸς ἁμαρτωλῶν the way of sinners B 10:10 (Ps 1:1). Its adj. character is wholly lost in Jd 15, where it is itself modif. by ἀσεβεῖς (En 1:9).—Of the state of a person who is not yet reconciled ἔτι ἁ. ὄντων ἡμῶν Ro 5:8. ἁ. κατεστάθησαν οἱ πολλοί the many (i.e. ‘humanity’; opp., ‘the one’, Adam) were constituted sinners (=were exposed to being treated as sinners; s. καθίστημι 3) 5:19. ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι Ro 3:7. εὑρέθημεν ἁμαρτωλοί Gal 2:17. Opp. κεχωρισμένος ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. separated from sinners of Jesus Hb 7:26. ὑπό τῶν ἁ. … ἀντιλογίαν 12:3.—ESjöberg, Gott u. die Sünder im paläst. Judentum ’38.—DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW. -
10 ἠπίαλος
ἠπίαλος EphialtesGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `ague, ague from fever' (Thgn., Ar., Hp. etc.; on th meaning Strömberg Wortstudien 82ff.); `nightmare';Other forms: ἐπίαλος Alc. bei EM 434, 6 (prob. after ἐπί); cf. ἠπίολος `moth' (Arist. HA 605b 14; v. l. - όλης) with ἠπιόλιον ῥιγοπυρέτιον H.Derivatives: ἠπιαλώδης `ἠπ.-like' (Hp.), ἠπιαλέω `suffer from ἠπ.' (Ar., Arist.), ἐξ-ηπιαλόομαι `become ἠπ.' (Hp.). - ἠπίολος `moth' (Arist. HA 605b 14; v. l. - όλης) with ἠπιόλιον ῥιγοπυρέτιον H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Acc. to Strömberg l.c. from ἤπιος, prop. "mild fever" a taboo-paraphrase; cf. the parallels mentioned there; an improbable hypothesis. (On - αλο- Chantraine Formation 246f.) From ἠπίαλος is ἠπίολος (better - όλης; after the nouns in - όλης) `moth' not to be separated, as is shown by the words adduced by Bugge BB 18, 166: Lith. drugỹs `(cold) fever, feverbird(?), butterfly' (to Russ. drožátь `shiver'), Alb. ethe `fever' with ethëzë "feverbird(?)", `moth'; s. further Immisch Glotta 6, 193; in folklore butterflies etc. bring fever. - Not with Vaniček a. o. (e. g. Güntert Kalypso 226f.) to Lat. vappō `moth?'. - See also on Έφιαλτης. - Given the variation α\/ο prob. a Pre-Greek word (Fur. 258, 342).Page in Frisk: 1,640-641Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἠπίαλος
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11 ἕτερος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `one of two, the one, the other' (Il.)Other forms: ἅτερος (Dor. Aeol.; also Att. in crasis ἅ̄τερος, θά̄τερα etc.); cf. Dor. ατροπανπαις Bourgeuet, Dial. laconien 1927, 117; Meillet assumed zero grade ( BSL 28, 1927, 116f) as in ἀλλότριος and Lith. añtras.Dialectal forms: Myc. a₂-te-roCompounds: With negation οὑδ-, μηδ-έτερος, - άτερος `none of both' (Hes., Ion.-Att. Dor.). Very often as 1. member in bahuvrihi with different meanings, e. g. ἑτερ-αλκής `who helps one party' (Il.; cf. on ἀλέξω), ἑτερ-ήμερος `living day by day' (λ 303 of the Dioscouroi; Ph.), ἑτερό-πτολις `coming from another town' (Erinn. 5).Derivatives: ἑτέρ-ωθεν, - ωθι, - ωσε, - ωτα `from the other side' etc. (Hom.); ἑτεροῖος `of anoher kind' (Ion.-Att.; after τοῖος, ἀλλοῖος a. o.) with ἑτεροιότης (Pl., Ph.), ἑτεροιόομαι, - όω `become different', `change' (Ion. etc.), - οίωσις `change' (hell.); ἑτερότης `be different' (Arist.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [902] *sm̥-tero- `one of two'Etymology: From IE *sm̥-teros, zero grade of * sem- in εἷς `one' (s. v. and ἅπαξ) with the same suffix as in ἀριστερός (s. v.) a. o.; cf. esp. Skt. eka-tara- `alteruter'; the ε-vowel in ἕτερος rather after εἷς than through assimilation (cf. Schwyzer 614). - With ἅτερος is prob. identical a Celtic word for `half', Welsh hanther, Corn. Bret. hanter ; s. Gonda Reflexions on the numerals "one" and "two" 33f.; who also tries to connect the Germ. group Goth. sundro `on itself, κατ' ἰδίαν', OHG suntar `separated, however' etc. (s. ἄτερ).Page in Frisk: 1,581Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕτερος
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12 ξηρός
Grammatical information: adj.Compounds: Many compp., e.g. ξηρ-αλοιφέω `rub dry with oil' (Lex Solonis ap. Plu. Sol. 1), comp. of ξηρὸν ἀλείφειν (: *ξηρ-αλοιφός); cf. Schwyzer 726; ξηρό-βηξ, - χος m. `dry cough' (medic.; opposite ὑγρό-βηξ; Strömberg Wortstudien 100); κατά-, ἐπί-ξηρος a.o. (Hp., Arist.) beside κατα-, ἐπι-ξηραίνω; on the shades of meaning Strömherg Prefix Studies 153 f. a. 97 f.Derivatives: 1. ξηρότης, - ητος f. `dryness' (Att., Arist.); 2. ξηρίον n., ξηράφιον n. `desiccative powder' (medic., pap.); 3. ξηρώδης `dryish' (EM beside πυρώδης). 4. ξηραίνω, - ομαι, fut. - ανῶ, - ανοῦμαι (IA.), aor. ξηρᾶναι (- ῆναι), - ανθῆναι (Il.), perf. midd. ἐξήρασμαι (IA.), - αμμαι (hell.), often w. prefix as ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, κατα-, `become, make dry' with ( ἀνα-)ξήρανσις f. (Thphr., Gal.), ( ἀνα-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-)ξηρασία, - ίη f. (Hp., Arist., Thphr.; on the formation Chantraine Form. 85), ( ἀνα-)ξηρασμός m. (medic.) `getting dry'; ( ἀνα-)ξηραντικός `getting dry' (Hp., Thphr.).Etymology: From ξηρός can hardly be separated ξερόν (s. v.); if this belongs with Lat. serēnus `bright, clear, hell, dry' (from * kseres-no-s), serescō `get dry', OHG serawēn `id.' etc. (WP. 1,503, Pok. 625 with Prellwitz BB 21, 92), ξηρός must contain a matching lengthened grade, an only theoretically convincing [if do] assumption. The question rises then, whether the more rare and formalized ποτὶ ( ἐπὶ) ξερόν goes back on a metrical shortening (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 107). But the old equation with Skt. kṣārá- `burning, biting, sharp' (: kṣā́-yati `burn') is very suspect; s. Mayrhofer s. v. w. lit. -- Farther off remain (against Specht KZ 66, 201 ff. and Heubeck Würzb. Jb. 4, 201) σχερός and χέρσος (s. vv.). Maar e: ē ongewoon in IE. Mayrhofer KEWA 1, 288 doubts connection with the Sanskrit word.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξηρός
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13 γινώσκω
γινώσκω (in the form γιγνώσκω [s. below] since Homer; γιν. in Attic ins in Meisterhans3-Schw. index, from 325 B.C.; in pap fr. 277 B.C. [Mayser 165]; likew. LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) impf. ἐγίνωσκον; fut. γνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἔγνων, impv. γνῶθι, γνώτω, subj. 1 sg. γνῶ and 3 sg. γνῶ (γνοῖ Mk 5:43; 9:30; Lk 19:15; Hm 4, 1, 5; B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §13, 22; Mlt-H. 83; Rob. 1214); 2 sg. γνώσῃς (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]); opt. 1 sg. γνῴην; 3 sg. γνοίη Job 23:3, 5; inf. γνῶναι, ptc. γνούς; pf. ἔγνωκα, 3 pl. ἔγνωκαν J 17:7 (W-S. §13, 15 n. 15); plpf. ἐγνώκειν. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνώσθην; pf. ἔγνωσμαι. (On the spellings γινώσκειν and γιγνώσκειν s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108.) This verb is variously nuanced in contexts relating to familiarity acquired through experience or association with pers. or thing.① to arrive at a knowledge of someone or someth., know, know about, make acquaintance ofⓐ w. acc. of thing: mysteries (Wsd 2:22; En 104:12) Mt 13:11; Mk 4:11 v.l.; Lk 8:10; will of the Master (Just., D. 123, 4) 12:47f; that which brings peace 19:42; truth (Jos., Ant. 13, 291) J 8:32; times Ac 1:7; sin Ro 7:7; affection 2 Cor 2:4; spirit of truth J 14:17; way of righteousness 2 Pt 2:21 P72; God’s glory 1 Cl 61:1.—Abs. γνόντες (Is 26:11) when they had ascertained it Mk 6:38; ἐκ μέρους γ. know fragmentarily, only in part 1 Cor 13:9, 12.—W. prep. γ. τι ἔκ τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 45; Jos., Vi. 364) know a thing by someth. (Diod S 17, 101, 6): a tree by its fruit Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 4:6; γ. τι ἔν τινι (Sir 4:24; 26:9) 1J 4:2. Also γ. τι κατά τι (Gen 15:8): κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what (= how) shall I know this? Lk 1:18.ⓑ w. personal obj. (Plut., Mor. 69c ἄνδρα τοιοῦτον οὐκ ἔγνωμεν; Did., Gen. 45, 24 evil powers): God (Ael. Aristid. 52, 2 K.=28 p. 551 D.: γ. τὸν θεόν; Herm. Wr. 1, 3; 10, 19a; Sallust. 18, 3 p. 34, 9 θεούς; 1 Km 2:10; 3:7; 1 Ch 28:9; 3 Macc 7:6; PsSol 2:31; Da 11:32 Theod.; Philo, Ebr. 45; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 14, 12; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 26f) J 14:7ab; 17:3, 25; Ro 1:21; Gal 4:9; 1J 2:3, 13; 3:1, 6; 4:6ff; 5:20 (for 1J s. M-EBoismard, RB 56, ’49, 365–91); PtK 2. Jesus Christ J 14:7; 17:3; 2 Cor 5:16 ( even though we have known Christ [irrealis, ‘contrary to fact’, is also prob.=even if we had known; cp. Gal 5:11], we now no longer know him; on this pass. s. κατά B7a; σάρξ 5); 1J 2:3f (Just., D. 28, 3). τινὰ ἔν τινι someone by someth. (Ps 47:4; Sir 11:28; TestNapht 3:4) Lk 24:35.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 824, 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 22) Mt 25:24; J 6:69; 7:26; 8:52; 14:20, 31; 17:7f, 25; 19:4. W. ὅθεν preceding by this one knows (EpJer 22) 1J 2:18. ἐν τούτῳ (Gen 42:33; Ex 7:17; Josh 3:10 al.) J 13:35; 1J 2:3, 5; 4:13; 5:2. W. combination of two constr. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι μένει ἐν ἡμῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος by this we know that (Jesus Christ) remains in us, namely by the spirit 3:24; cp. 4:13. W. an indir. question foll. (1 Km 14:38: 25:17; 2 Km 18:29; Ps 38:5) Mt 12:7; J 7:51. W. combination of two questions (double interrogative) ἵνα γνοῖ τίς τί διεπραγματεύσατο that he might know what each one had gained in his dealings Lk 19:15.② to acquire information through some means, learn (of), ascertain, find outⓐ w. acc. as obj. (1 Km 21:3; 1 Ch 21:2; 4 Macc 4:4) τοῦτο (1 Km 20:3) Mk 5:43. τὰ γενόμενα what has happened Lk 24:18. τὸ ἀσφαλές Ac 21:34; 22:30. τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν our situation Col 4:8; your faith 1 Th 3:5. Pass. become known to someone w. or without dat. of the pers. who is informed: of secret things Mt 10:26; Lk 8:17; 12:2. Of plots Ac 9:24 (cp. 1 Macc 6:3; 7:3, 30 al.).ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (PGiss 11, 4 [118 A.D.] γεινώσκειν σε θέλω ὅτι; 1 Esdr 2:17; Ruth 3:14) J 4:1; 5:6; 12:9; Ac 24:11 v.l.ⓒ abs. (1 Km 14:29; 3 Km 1:11; Tob 8:12 al.) μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω nobody is to know of this Mt 9:30. ἵνα τις γνοῖ that anyone should obtain knowledge of it Mk 9:30.③ to grasp the significance or meaning of someth., understand, comprehendⓐ w. acc. foll. (Sir 1:6; 18:28; Wsd 5:7 v.l.; 9:13; Bar 3:9 al.; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 68, 1 σκληροκάρδιοι πρὸς τὸ γνῶναι νοῦν … τοῦ θεοῦ): parables Mk 4:13; what was said Lk 18:34; (w. ἀναγινώσκειν in wordplay) Ac 8:30. ταῦτα J 3:10; 12:16; what one says J 8:43; God’s wisdom 1 Cor 2:8; the nature of God vs. 11; the nature of the divine spirit vs. 14; the love of Christ Eph 3:19 (s. γνῶσις 1); God’s ways Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10); τὸν νόμον know the law J 7:49; Ro 7:1 (here perh.=have the law at one’s fingertips, cp. Menand., Sicyonius 138f, τῶν τοὺς νόμους εἰδότων; Just., D. 123, 2). πῶς οὖν [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν; how then shall we know these things? Ox 1081, 25f (=SJCh 90, 1f), as read by Till p. 220 app.ⓑ abs. Mt 24:39.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Wsd 10:12; EpJer 64; 1 Macc 6:13; 7:42; 2 Macc 7:28 al.) Mt 21:45; 24:32; Mk 12:12; 13:28f; Lk 21:30f; J 4:53; 8:27f; 2 Cor 13:6; Js 2:20.ⓓ w. indir. question foll. (Job 19:29) J 10:6; 13:12, 28.④ to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realizeⓐ w. acc.: their wickedness Mt 22:18; γ. δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν that power had gone out Lk 8:46 (on the constr. w. the ptc. cp. PHamb 27, 13 [III B.C.]; BGU 1078 [I A.D.] γίνωσκε ἡγεμόνα εἰσεληλυθότα; POxy 1118, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 342; Just., D. 39, 2 al.).ⓑ abs. (Ex 22:9; 1 Km 26:12) Mt 16:8; 26:10; Mk 7:24; 8:17.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Gen 3:7; 8:11; 1 Macc 1:5 al.): ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται she felt in her body that she was healed Mk 5:29; cp. 15:10; J 6:15; 16:19; Ac 23:6.⑤ to have sexual intercourse with, have sex/marital relations with, euphemistic ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 558, 5 Kock; Heraclid. Lembus, Pol. 64 [Aristot., Fgm. ed. VRose 1886, 383]; oft. in Plut. and other later authors, and LXX [Anz 306]) w. acc., said of a man as agent (Gen 4:1, 17; 1 Km 1:19; Jdth 16:22; ApcMos 4; Did., Gen. 143, 9) Mt 1:25 (in connection w. the topic of 1:25f see Plut., Mor. 717e; Olympiodorus, Vi. Plat. 1 [Westermann, 1850]: φάσμα Ἀπολλωνιακὸν συνεγένετο τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ Περικτιόνῃ καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ φανὲν τῷ Ἀρίστωνι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῷ μὴ μιγνύναι τῇ Περικτιόνῃ μέχρι τ. χρόνου τῆς ἀποτέξεως. Ὁ δʼ οὕτω πεποίηκεν: ‘an apparition of Apollo had relations with [Plato’s] mother Perictione, and in a nocturnal appearance to Ariston [Plato’s father] ordered him not to have intercourse w. P. until the time of her parturition. So he acted accordingly.’—The legend of Plato’s birth is traceable to Plato’s nephew Speusippus [Diog. L. 3:2; Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1, 42]); of a woman (Judg 11:39; 21:12; Theodor. Prodr. 9, 486 H.) Lk 1:34 (DHaugg, D. erste bibl. Marienwort ’38; FGrant, JBL 59, ’40, 19f; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk, ’45, 117–20).⑥ to have come to the knowledge of, have come to know, know (Nägeli 40 w. exx.)ⓐ w. acc.α. of thing (Bar 3:20, 23; Jdth 8:29; Bel 35; Just., D. 110, 1 καὶ τοῦτο γ.): τὴν ποσότητα 1 Cl 35:3; hearts (Ps 43:22) Lk 16:15; will Ro 2:18; truth (Just., D. 139, 5; Tat. 13, 1) 2J 1; 2 Cor 5:21; grace 8:9; πάντα (2 Km 14:20; Just., D. 127, 2) 1J 3:20. τὶ 1 Cor 8:2a. W. object clause preceding: ὸ̔ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γ. what I am accomplishing I really do not know Ro 7:15 (here γ. almost=desire, want, decide [Polyb. 5, 82, 1; Plut., Lycurg. 41[3, 9] ἔγνω φυγεῖν; Appian, Syr. 5 §18; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 8; 2, 25, 8; Paradox. Vat. 46 Keller ὅ τι ἂν γνῶσιν αἱ γυναῖκες; Jos., Ant. 1, 195; 14, 352; 16, 331]; mngs. 3 understand and 7 recognize are also prob.). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ οὐ γ. at an hour unknown to him Mt 24:50; Lk 12:46. W. acc. and ptc. (on the constr. s. 4a above) τὴν πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν that the city is guardian of the temple Ac 19:35.β. of pers. know someone (Tob 5:2; 7:4; Is 1:3) J 1:48; 2:24; 10:14f, 27; Ac 19:15; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5); Ox 1 recto, 14 (GTh 31). W. acc. and ptc. (s. α above, end and e.g. Just., A I, 19, 6) Hb 13:23.ⓑ w. acc. and inf. (Da 4:17; Just., D. 130, 2 al.) Hb 10:34.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Sir 23:19; Bar 2:30; Tob 3:14) J 21:17; Ac 20:34; Phil 1:12; Js 1:3; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3; γ. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι he knows that the thoughts are vain 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11).—Oft. γινώσκετε, ὅτι you may be quite sure that Mt 24:33, 43; Mk 13:28f; Lk 10:11; 12:39; 21:31; J 15:18; 1J 2:29 (cp. UPZ 62, 32 [161 B.C.] γίνωσκε σαφῶς ὅτι πρός σε οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθω; 70, 14; 3 Macc 7:9; Judg 4:9; Job 36:5; Pr 24:12). In τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες, ὅτι Eph 5:5 the question is whether the two verbs are to be separated or not. In the latter case, one could point to Sym. Jer 49:22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες and 1 Km 20:3.ⓓ w. indir. question (Gen 21:26; 1 Km 22:3; Eccl 11:5; 2 Macc 14:32; Just., A I, 63, 3 τί πατὴρ καὶ τί υἱός) Lk 7:39; 10:22; J 2:25; 11:57.ⓔ w. adv. modifier γ. Ἑλληνιστί understand Greek Ac 21:37 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5; 31 ἐπίστασθαι Συριστί).ⓕ abs. (Gen 4:9; 18:21; 4 Km 2:3; Sir 32:8) Lk 2:43. τί ἐγὼ γινώσκω; how should I know? Hs 9, 9, 1.⑦ to indicate that one does know, acknowledge, recognize as that which one is or claims to be τινά (Plut., Ages. 597 [3, 1]; Jos., Ant. 5, 112) οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς I have never recognized you Mt 7:23; cp. J 1:10. ἐὰν γνωσθῇ πλέον τ. ἐπισκόπου if he receives more recognition than the supervisor (bishop) IPol 5:2. Of God as subject recognize someone as belonging to God, choose, almost= elect (Am 3:2; Hos 12:1; SibOr 5, 330) 1 Cor 8:3; Gal 4:9. In these pass. the γ. of God directed toward human beings is conceived of as the basis of and condition for their coming to know God; cp. the language of the Pythagoreans in HSchenkl, Wiener Studien 8, 1886 p. 265, no. 9 βούλει γνωσθῆναι θεοῖς• ἀγνοήθητι μάλιστα ἀνθρώποις; p. 277 no. 92 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος κ. θεὸν σεβόμενος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ; Porphyr., ad Marcellam 13 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θεός, ὸ̔ς γνωσθῆναι βούλεται καὶ γινώσκεται τοῖς ἰδίοις; 10, 15 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ γνωρίζει καὶ θέλει γνωρίζεσθαι. S. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 299f; Ltzm. on 1 Cor 8:3; RAC XI 446–659.—On the whole word: BSnell, D. Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens in d. vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924; EBaumann, ידע u. seine Derivate: ZAW 28, 1908, 22ff; 110ff; WBousset, Gnosis: Pauly-W. VII 1912, 1503ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 66–70; 284–308; PThomson, ‘Know’ in the NT: Exp. 9th ser. III, 1925, 379–82; AFridrichsen, Gnosis (Paul): ELehmann Festschr. 1927, 85–109; RPope, Faith and Knowledge in Pauline and Johannine Thought: ET 41, 1930, 421–27; RBultmann, TW I ’33, 688–715; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; 2’55; EPrucker, Gnosis Theou ’37; JDupont, La Connaissance religieuse dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul, ’49; LBouyer, Gnosis: Le Sens orthodoxe de l’expression jusqu’aux pères Alexandrins: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 188–203; WDavies, Knowledge in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30: HTR 46, ’53, 113–39; WSchmithals, D. Gnosis in Kor. ’55, 3’69; MMagnusson, Der Begriff ‘Verstehen’ (esp. in Paul), ’55; RCasey, Gnosis, Gnosticism and the NT: CDodd Festschr., ’56, 52–80; IdelaPotterie, οἶδα et γινώσκω (4th Gosp.), Biblica 40, ’59, 709–25; H-JSchoeps, Urgemeinde, Judenchristentum, Gnosis ’56; EKäsemann, Das Wandernde Gottesvolk (Hb)2, ’57; HJonas, The Gnostic Religion, ’58; JDupont, Gnosis, ’60; UWilckens, Weisheit u. Torheit ( 1 Cor 1 and 2) ’59; DGeorgi, Die Gegner des Pls im 2 Cor, ’64; DScholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948–69, ’71.—B. 1209f. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.
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